Barbie - Wikipedia. Barbie is a fashion doll manufactured by the American toy company Mattel, Inc. American businesswoman Ruth Handler is credited with the creation of the doll using a German doll called Bild Lilli as her inspiration.
Barbie is the figurehead of a brand of Mattel dolls and accessories, including other family members and collectible dolls. Barbie has been an important part of the toy fashion doll market for over fifty years, and has been the subject of numerous controversies and lawsuits, often involving parodies of the doll and her lifestyle. Mattel has sold over a billion Barbie dolls, making it the company’s largest and most profitable line.
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However, sales have declined sharply since 2. She had a significant impact on social values by conveying characteristics of female independence, and with her multitude of accessories, an idealized upscale life- style that can be shared with affluent friends.
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At the time, most children's toy dolls were representations of infants. Realizing that there could be a gap in the market, Handler suggested the idea of an adult- bodied doll to her husband Elliot, a co- founder of the Mattel toy company. He was unenthusiastic about the idea, as were Mattel's directors. During a trip to Europe in 1.
Barbara and Kenneth, Ruth Handler came across a German toy doll called Bild Lilli. She gave one to her daughter and took the others back to Mattel. The Lilli doll was based on a popular character appearing in a comic strip drawn by Reinhard Beuthin for the newspaper Bild. Lilli was a blonde bombshell, a working girl who knew what she wanted and was not above using men to get it. The Lilli doll was first sold in Germany in 1. Upon her return to the United States, Handler redesigned the doll (with help from engineer Jack Ryan) and the doll was given a new name, Barbie, after Handler's daughter Barbara.
The doll made its debut at the American International Toy Fair in New York on March 9, 1. The doll was marketed as a . The first Barbie dolls were manufactured in Japan, with their clothes hand- stitched by Japanese homeworkers. Around 3. 50,0. 00 Barbie dolls were sold during the first year of production. Louis Marx and Company sued Mattel in March 1.
After licensing Lilli, they claimed that Mattel had “infringed on Greiner & Hausser's patent for Bild- Lilli’s hip joint, and also claimed that Barbie was . The company additionally claimed that Mattel . Mattel counter- claimed and the case was settled out of court in 1. In 1. 96. 4, Mattel bought Greiner & Hausser's copyright and patent rights for the Bild- Lilli doll for $2.
Barbie's appearance has been changed many times, most notably in 1. Barbie was one of the first toys to have a marketing strategy based extensively on television advertising, which has been copied widely by other toys. It is estimated that over a billion Barbie dolls have been sold worldwide in over 1. Mattel claiming that three Barbie dolls are sold every second. Alternative skin tones, hair styles, and hair colours will also be added. Barbie has appeared in a series of animated films and is a supporting character in the Pixar films Toy Story 2 and Toy Story 3.
Barbie has become a cultural icon and has been given honors that are rare in the toy world. In 1. 97. 4, a section of Times Square in New York City was renamed Barbie Boulevard for a week.
The exhibit featured 7. Barbie dolls over two floors as well as works by contemporary artists and documents (newspapers, photos, video) that contextualize Barbie. The painting sold at auction at Christie’s, London for $1. In 2. 01. 5, The Andy Warhol Foundation then teamed up with Mattel to create an Andy Warhol Barbie. Carbee's collage art was presented in the 2.
Barbie exhibit at the Mus. The celebrations included a runway show in New York for the Mercedes- Benz Fashion Week. In a series of novels published by Random House in the 1.
George and Margaret Roberts from the fictional town of Willows, Wisconsin. A news release from Mattel in February 2.
Barbie and Ken had decided to split up. She has owned a wide range of vehicles, including pink Corvetteconvertibles, trailers, and Jeeps. She also holds a pilot's license, and operates commercial airliners in addition to serving as a flight attendant. Barbie's careers are designed to show that women can take on a variety of roles in life, and the doll has been sold with a wide range of titles including Miss Astronaut Barbie (1. Doctor Barbie (1.
Nascar Barbie (1. Mattel has created a range of companions for Barbie, including Hispanic. Teresa, Midge, African American Christie, and Steven (Christie's boyfriend). Barbie's siblings and cousins were also created including Skipper, Todd and Stacie (twin brother and sister), Kelly, Krissy, and Francie. Barbie was friendly with Blaine, an Australian surfer, during her split with Ken in 2.
By creating a doll with adult features, Mattel enabled girls to become anything they want. Starting in 1. 98. Hispanic dolls, and later came models from across the globe.
For example, in 2. Hispanic magazine reports that. Among these were Cinco De Mayo Barbie, Spanish Barbie, Peruvian Barbie, Mexican Barbie and Puerto Rican Barbie. She also has had close Hispanic friends, such as Teresa.
One of the most common criticisms of Barbie is that she promotes an unrealistic idea of body image for a young woman, leading to a risk that girls who attempt to emulate her will become anorexic. Barbie's vital statistics have been estimated at 3. According to research by the University Central Hospital in Helsinki, Finland, she would lack the 1. However, she was produced using the existing head molds for the white Francie doll and lacked African characteristics other than a dark skin. The first African American doll in the Barbie range is usually regarded as Christie, who made her debut in 1.
In September 2. 00. Mattel introduced the So In Style range, which was intended to create a more realistic depiction of black people than previous dolls. One of these 2. 70 phrases was .
Although only about 1. American Association of University Women. In October 1. 99. Mattel announced that Teen Talk Barbie would no longer say the phrase, and offered a swap to anyone who owned a doll that did. Oreo Fun Barbie was marketed as someone with whom young girls could play after class and share . Critics argued that in the African American community, Oreo is a derogatory term meaning that the person is . The doll was unsuccessful and Mattel recalled the unsold stock, making it sought after by collectors.
Kjersti Johnson, a 1. Tacoma, Washington with cerebral palsy, pointed out that the doll would not fit into the elevator of Barbie's $1. Dream House. Mattel announced that it would redesign the house in the future to accommodate the doll. The claim was described as an overreaction by Joseph Prohaska, a professor at the University of Minnesota Duluth. A modern Barbie doll has a body made from ABS plastic, while the head is made from soft PVC. The Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice stated . Let us beware of her dangers and be careful.
Fulla is not manufactured by the Mattel Corporation (although Mattel still licenses Fulla dolls and franchises for sale in some countries), and the . Agnes Nairn at the University of Bath in England published research suggesting that girls often go through a stage where they hate their Barbie dolls and subject them to a range of punishments, including decapitation and placing the doll in a microwave oven.
Nairn said: . Mattel's promotional material read . On November 3. 0, 2.
FBI issued a warning in a private memo that the doll could be used to produce child pornography, although it stated publicly that there was . The doll transmits data back to a service called Toy.